Convert CSV rows into JSON objects

Before you begin

Python 3.12 or newer

What this script changesReads source data without editing it. Creates a new destination and refuses overwrite. Rows are held in memory. Spreadsheet formulas in cell text are preserved as text in the CSV; inspect untrusted data before opening in a spreadsheet.

Set up your example

Save the complete code as csv-to-json.py in a working folder.
Save the provided sample files in that same folder; run commands from that folder.

Sample files in this download:

sample.csv
lookup.csv
second.csv
wide.csv
numbers.csv
sample.tsv

Download the ZIP, extract it, and open a terminal inside the extracted folder. The source file is csv-to-json.py.

Run the script

python "csv-to-json.py" --input "sample.csv" --output "rows.json"

If your system uses python3 instead of python, use that command for Python examples. Keep paths containing spaces in quotes. Required inputs and optional settings are described in the code and setup steps.

What to expect

Export a CSV as a JSON array with one object per data row. The first JSON object has id equal to the string 1 and amount equal to the string 12.50.

The complete script

#!/usr/bin/env python3
'Convert CSV rows into JSON objects'
import argparse
import json
from pathlib import Path

def write_json(path, value):
    data = json.dumps(value, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False, allow_nan=False) + "\n"
    with Path(path).open("x", encoding="utf-8", newline="") as handle:
        handle.write(data)

import csv
import random
from collections import Counter, defaultdict
from decimal import Decimal
from datetime import datetime

def read_csv(path, delimiter=","):
    with Path(path).open(encoding="utf-8-sig", newline="") as handle:
        reader = csv.DictReader(handle, delimiter=delimiter)
        fields = reader.fieldnames
        if not fields or any(not f for f in fields) or len(set(fields)) != len(fields):
            raise ValueError("Use a nonempty, unique header for every column.")
        rows = list(reader)
    if any(None in row or None in row.values() for row in rows):
        raise ValueError("Every row must have exactly the header's number of cells.")
    return fields, rows

def require(fields, names):
    missing = set(names) - set(fields)
    if missing:
        raise ValueError("Missing columns: " + ", ".join(sorted(missing)))

def write_csv(path, fields, rows):
    with Path(path).open("x", encoding="utf-8", newline="") as handle:
        writer = csv.DictWriter(handle, fieldnames=fields)
        writer.writeheader()
        writer.writerows(rows)

def number(value):
    result = Decimal(value or "0")
    if not result.is_finite():
        raise ValueError("Numbers must be finite.")
    return result

def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Convert CSV rows into JSON objects')
    parser.add_argument("--input", required=True, help="CSV input with a header")
    parser.add_argument("--output", required=True, help="New destination file or directory")
    args = parser.parse_args()
    fields, rows = read_csv(args.input)
    write_json(args.output, rows)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    try:
        main()
    except (OSError, ValueError, KeyError, TypeError, ArithmeticError, IndexError, LookupError) as exc:
        raise SystemExit(str(exc))

Open source as plain text · Download source and sample files

How it works

read_csv checks unique headers and row widths before processing.
Headers become object keys and all CSV values remain strings, preserving leading zeros.
The first JSON object has id equal to the string 1 and amount equal to the string 12.50.

Make it your own

--output

Choose a new .json output name.

Adapt the processing

Edit rows before write_json to cast only specifically known numeric fields.

Change one setting at a time, run it again on sample data, and compare the output. The customization guide walks through this process.

If something goes wrong

Numbers are quoted in the JSON.

CSV has no type schema; add explicit casts only to fields you know are numeric.

The destination already exists.

Choose a new --output path. The script deliberately refuses to replace an existing result.

Reference & next steps

Python 3.12 csv documentation ↗

These official references explain the underlying tools. The Scriptage example and guide are original instructional content. See verification notes for what has been checked and the limits of those checks.

Copies a template for your own notes. It does not send anything.